upper-case()函数用于将字符串转为大写，XPath 2.0及以上支持，XPath 1.0需用translate()函数模拟，但仅限英文字符；该函数支持Unicode，可正确处理多语言字符如德语“ß”转“SS”，但需注意版本兼容性、输入类型及性能影响。
XPath的
upper-case()函数是用来将字符串中的所有字符转换为大写形式的。它的用法非常直接，你只需要把想要转换的字符串作为参数传给它就行。
解决方案
upper-case()函数在XPath 2.0及更高版本中可用，它的作用就是把一个给定的字符串变成全大写。这操作本身没什么花哨的，就是直截了当的转换。
比如说，如果你有一个字符串
'hello world'，想要把它变成大写，你可以这样写：
upper-case('hello world')
结果自然就是 'hello world'。
如果你的数据在一个XML节点里，比如
，你想把这个标题转换为大写，你可以这样用：some title
upper-case(/root/title)这里，它会取到
</pre>节点的字符串值，然后将其转换为大写。</p> <p>我觉得，这个函数的设计理念就是为了简单高效地处理字符串大小写转换，避免了过去XPath 1.0时代那些略显笨拙的<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">translate()</pre>函数变通方案。这在处理数据标准化或者进行不区分大小写的比较时，简直是提升开发体验的小神器。</p> <h3>XPath 1.0中如何实现字符串大写转换？</h3> <p>这是一个老生常谈的问题了，也是很多初学者或者维护老系统的人会遇到的痛点。因为<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case()</pre>函数是XPath 2.0才引入的，所以如果你还在用XPath 1.0的环境，比如XSLT 1.0，那就没法直接用它了。</p> <p>在这种情况下，最常见的“土办法”就是利用<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">translate()</pre>函数。<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">translate()</pre>函数原本是用来替换字符串中特定字符的，但我们可以巧妙地用它来做大小写转换。它的基本思路是，提供一个包含所有小写字母的字符串，再提供一个包含所有对应大写字母的字符串，然后让它去替换。</p> <p>举个例子： <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">translate(yourString, 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz', 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ')</pre></p> <p>这个方法确实能解决一部分问题，但它有明显的局限性。 首先，它只对英文字母有效。如果你字符串里有非英文字母，比如中文、俄文或者带有变音符号的字符，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">translate()</pre>就无能为力了，因为它没有对应的映射规则。 其次，你需要手动列出所有要转换的字符，这在处理包含各种特殊字符的场景时会变得非常繁琐，而且容易出错。 在我看来，这更像是一种无奈之举，而不是一个优雅的解决方案。如果可以，我总是建议升级到支持XPath 2.0或更高版本的<a style="color:#f60; text-decoration:underline;" title="处理器" href="https://www.php.cn/zt/16030.html" target="_blank">处理器</a>，这样能省去很多不必要的麻烦。</p> <h3><pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case()</pre>函数在处理非ASCII字符时表现如何？</h3> <p>这是一个非常好的问题，因为它直接关系到国际化（i18n）应用的兼容性。好消息是，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case()</pre>函数是完全Unicode-aware的。这意味着它不仅仅能处理基本的ASCII英文字母，对于各种语言中的非ASCII字符，它也能正确地进行大小写转换。</p> <p>比如，德语中的“ß”（Eszett）在转换为大写时会变成“SS”。 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case('straße')</pre> 的结果会是 <pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">'STRASSE'</pre>。</p> <p>再比如，土耳其语中有带点和不带点的“I”和“i”，它们的转换规则比较特殊。<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case()</pre>函数会遵循Unicode标准中的相关规则进行转换。</p><div class="aritcle_card flexRow"> <div class="artcardd flexRow"> <a class="aritcle_card_img" href="/ai/1155" title="Figma"><img src="https://img.php.cn/upload/ai_manual/000/000/000/175680114120401.png" alt="Figma"></a> <div 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target="_blank">工具</a>的版本。我见过不少人因为这个简单的问题卡住，结果发现只是版本不对。</p> <p>其次是<strong>输入参数的类型</strong>。<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case()</pre>期望的输入是一个字符串。如果你传递的是一个节点集（node-set），它会隐式地将节点集中的第一个节点的字符串值作为输入。虽然大多数情况下这符合预期，但如果你的意图是处理多个节点的文本，或者你对哪个节点会被选中没有清晰的认识，这可能会导致意想不到的结果。所以，如果输入不是明确的字符串，我通常会建议显式地使用<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">string()</pre>函数来确保类型正确，比如<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case(string(someNode))</pre>。这样代码的意图会更清晰，也更健壮。</p> <p>再有就是<strong>性能考量</strong>，虽然对大多数日常应用来说，<pre class="brush:php;toolbar:false;">upper-case()</pre>的性能不是问题，但如果你的XPath表达式需要在非常庞大的XML文档上对海量字符串进行频繁的大写转换，或者是在一个性能敏感的循环中调用，那么理论上，这可能会带来一些额外的开销。当然，这通常是比较极端的场景，对于一般的数据处理，你大可不必过分担心。但在设计高性能系统时，这是一个值得放在心里的角落，也许可以考虑在数据进入XPath处理流程前就完成大小写转换，或者在后续的宿主语言中处理。</p> <p>最后，尽管<pre 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