- 连接关系是关系数据库模型的主要特点。也是最主要的查询，主要包括内连接、外连接等。
- 通过连接运算符可以实现多个表查询。
- 在关系数据库管理系统中，表建立时各数据之间的关系不必确定，常把一个实体的所有信息存放在一个表中。当查询数据时，通过连接操作查询出存放在多个表中不同实体的信息。当两个或多个表中存在相同意义的字段时，便可以通过这些字段对不同的表进行连接查询。
下面介绍多表之间的三种连接方式：
(1)内连接查询
(2)外连接查询
(3)复合条件连接查询
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(1)、内连接查询(inner join)
- 内连接使用比较运算符进行表间某(某些)列数据的比较操作，并列出这些表中与连接条件向匹配的数据行，组成新纪录，也就是说，在内连接查询中，只有满足条件的记录才能出现在结果关系中。
下面创建数据表suppliers进行演示：
mysql> create table suppliers -> (
-> s_id int not null auto_increment,
-> s_name char(50) not null,
-> s_city char(50) null,
-> s_zip char(10) null,
-> s_call char(50) not null,
-> primary key(s_id)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)mysql> insert into suppliers(s_id,s_name,s_city,s_zip,s_call)
-> values(101,'FastFruit Inc.','Tianjin','300000','48075'),
-> (102,'LT Supplies','Chongqing','400000','44333'),
-> (103,'ACME','Shanghai','200000','90046'),
-> (104,'FNK Inc.','Zhongshan','528437','11111'),
-> (105,'Good Set','Taiyuan','030000','22222'),
-> (106,'Just Eat Ours','Beijing','010','45678'),
-> (107,'DK Inc','Zhengzhou','450000','33332');Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.07 sec)Records: 7 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0【例1】在fruits表和suppliers表之间使用内连接查询。
mysql> desc fruits;+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+| f_id | char(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | || s_id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | || f_name | char(255) | NO | | NULL | || f_price | decimal(8,2) | NO | | NULL | |+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+4 rows in set (0.06 sec)mysql> desc suppliers;+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+| s_id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment || s_name | char(50) | NO | | NULL | || s_city | char(50) | YES | | NULL | || s_zip | char(10) | YES | | NULL | || s_call | char(50) | NO | | NULL | |+--------+----------+------+-----+---------+----------------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到fruits和suppliers表中都有相同数据类型的字段s_id,两个表通过s_id字段建立联系。
接下来从fruits表中查询f_name、f_price字段，从suppliers表中查询s_id、s_name，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price -> from fruits,suppliers -> where fruits.s_id=suppliers.s_id;+------+----------------+------------+---------+| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |+------+----------------+------------+---------+| 104 | FNK Inc. | lemon | 6.40 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 || 103 | ACME | apricot | 2.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 || 104 | FNK Inc. | berry | 7.60 || 107 | DK Inc | xxxx | 3.60 || 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 || 105 | Good Set | melon | 8.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 || 106 | Just Eat Ours | mango | 15.70 || 105 | Good Set | xbabay | 2.60 || 105 | Good Set | xxtt | 11.60 || 103 | ACME | coconut | 9.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 || 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 || 107 | DK Inc | xbabay | 3.60 |+------+----------------+------------+---------+16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 注意：因为fruits表和suppliers表中有相同的字段s_id，因此在比较的时候，需要完全限定表名，格式为"表名.列名"，如果只给出s_id，MySQL将不知道指的是哪一个，并返回错误信息。
【例2】在fruits表和suppliers表之间，使用inner join语法进行内连接查询，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price -> from fruits inner join suppliers -> on fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id;+------+----------------+------------+---------+| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |+------+----------------+------------+---------+| 104 | FNK Inc. | lemon | 6.40 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 || 103 | ACME | apricot | 2.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 || 104 | FNK Inc. | berry | 7.60 || 107 | DK Inc | xxxx | 3.60 || 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 || 105 | Good Set | melon | 8.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 || 106 | Just Eat Ours | mango | 15.70 || 105 | Good Set | xbabay | 2.60 || 105 | Good Set | xxtt | 11.60 || 103 | ACME | coconut | 9.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 || 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 || 107 | DK Inc | xbabay | 3.60 |+------+----------------+------------+---------+16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 使用where子句定义连接条件比较简单明了，而inner join语法是ANSI SQL 的标准规范，使用inner join连接语法能够确保不会忘记连接条件，而且，where子句在某些时候回影响查询的性能。
如果在一个连接查询中涉及的两个表都是同一个表，name这种查询称为自连接查询。自连接是一种特殊的内连接，是指相互连接的表在物理上为同一张表，但可以在逻辑上分为两张表。
【例3】查询供应f_id='a1'的水果供应商提供的水果种类，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select f1.f_id,f1.f_name -> from fruits as f1,fruits as f2 -> where f1.s_id =f2.s_id and f2.f_id ='a1';+------+------------+| f_id | f_name |+------+------------+| a1 | apple || b1 | blackberry || c0 | cherry |+------+------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(2)、外连接查询
- 外连接查询将查询多个表中相关联的行。
- 内连接时，返回查询结果集合中的仅是符合查询条件和连接条件的行。但有时候需要包含没有关联的行中数据，即返回查询结果集合中的不仅包含符合连接条件的行，而且还包括左表(左外连接或左连接)、右表(右外连接或右连接)或两个边接表(全外连接)中的所有数据行。外连接分为左外连接或左连接和右外连接或右连接：
①左连接：返回包括左表中的所有记录和右表中连接字段相等的记录。
②右连接：返回包括右表中的记录和左表中连接字段相等的记录。
1.左连接left join
首先创建表orders，SQL语句如下;
mysql> create table orders -> (
-> o_num int not null auto_increment,
-> o_date datetime not null,
-> c_id int not null,
-> primary key (o_num)
-> );Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.11 sec)mysql> insert into orders(o_num,o_date,c_id)
-> values(30001,'2008-09-01',10001),
-> (30002,'2008-09-12',10003),
-> (30003,'2008-09-30',10004),
-> (30004,'2008-10-03',10005),
-> (30005,'2008-10-08',10001);Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.06 sec)Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0【例】在customers表和orders表中，查询所有客户，包括没有订单的客户，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select * from customers;+-------+----------+---------------------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------------+| c_id | c_name | c_address | c_city | c_zip | c_contact | c_email |+-------+----------+---------------------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------------+| 10001 | redhool | 200 Street | Tianjin | 300000 | LiMing | LMing@163.com || 10002 | Stars | 333 Fromage Lane | Dalian | 116000 | Zhangbo | Jerry@hotmail.com || 10003 | Netbhood | 1 Sunny Place | Qingdao | 266000 | LuoCong | NULL || 10004 | JOTO | 829 Riverside Drive | Haikou | 570000 | YangShan | sam@hotmail.com |+-------+----------+---------------------+---------+--------+-----------+-------------------+4 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from orders;+-------+---------------------+-------+| o_num | o_date | c_id |+-------+---------------------+-------+| 30001 | 2008-09-01 00:00:00 | 10001 || 30002 | 2008-09-12 00:00:00 | 10003 || 30003 | 2008-09-30 00:00:00 | 10004 || 30004 | 2008-10-03 00:00:00 | 10005 || 30005 | 2008-10-08 00:00:00 | 10001 |+-------+---------------------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select customers.c_id , orders.o_num -> from customers left outer join orders -> on customers.c_id = orders.c_id;+-------+-------+| c_id | o_num |+-------+-------+| 10001 | 30001 || 10003 | 30002 || 10004 | 30003 || 10001 | 30005 || 10002 | NULL |+-------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.右连接right join
- 右连接是左连接的反向连接，将返回右表的所有行。如果右表的某行在左表中没有匹配行，左表将返回空值。
【例】在customers表和orders表中，查询所有订单，包括没有客户的订单，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select customers.c_id, orders.o_num -> from customers right outer join orders -> on customers.c_id = orders.c_id;+-------+-------+| c_id | o_num |+-------+-------+| 10001 | 30001 || 10003 | 30002 || 10004 | 30003 || NULL | 30004 || 10001 | 30005 |+-------+-------+5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
(3)、复合条件连接查询
- 复合条件连接查询是在连接查询的过程中，通过添加过滤条件，限制查询结果，使查询的结果更加准确。
【例1】在customers表和orders表中，使用inner join语法查询customers表汇总ID为10001的客户的订单信息，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select customers.c_id,orders.o_num -> from customers inner join orders -> on customers.c_id = orders.c_id and customers.c_id = 10001;+-------+-------+| c_id | o_num |+-------+-------+| 10001 | 30001 || 10001 | 30005 |+-------+-------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
【例2】在fruits表和suppliers表之间，使用inner join语法进行内连接查询，并对查询结果排序，SQL语句如下：
mysql> select suppliers.s_id,s_name,f_name,f_price -> from fruits inner join suppliers -> on fruits.s_id = suppliers.s_id -> order by fruits.s_id;+------+----------------+------------+---------+| s_id | s_name | f_name | f_price |+------+----------------+------------+---------+| 101 | FastFruit Inc. | apple | 5.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | blackberry | 10.20 || 101 | FastFruit Inc. | cherry | 3.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | orange | 11.20 || 102 | LT Supplies | banana | 10.30 || 102 | LT Supplies | grape | 5.30 || 103 | ACME | apricot | 2.20 || 103 | ACME | coconut | 9.20 || 104 | FNK Inc. | lemon | 6.40 || 104 | FNK Inc. | berry | 7.60 || 105 | Good Set | melon | 8.20 || 105 | Good Set | xbabay | 2.60 || 105 | Good Set | xxtt | 11.60 || 106 | Just Eat Ours | mango | 15.70 || 107 | DK Inc | xxxx | 3.60 || 107 | DK Inc | xbabay | 3.60 |+------+----------------+------------+---------+16 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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