Python中shutil模块的常用文件操作函数用法示例

def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=False, ignore=None, copy_function=copy2,
       ignore_dangling_symlinks=False):

  names = os.listdir(src)
  if ignore is not None:
    ignored_names = ignore(src, names)
  else:
    ignored_names = set()
  os.makedirs(dst)
  errors = []
  for name in names:
    if name in ignored_names:
      continue
    srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
    dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
    try:
      if os.path.islink(srcname):
        linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
        if symlinks:
          # We can't just leave it to `copy_function` because legacy
          # code with a custom `copy_function` may rely on copytree
          # doing the right thing.
          os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
          copystat(srcname, dstname, follow_symlinks=not symlinks)
        else:
          # ignore dangling symlink if the flag is on
          if not os.path.exists(linkto) and ignore_dangling_symlinks:
            continue
          # otherwise let the copy occurs. copy2 will raise an error
          if os.path.isdir(srcname):
            copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore,
                 copy_function)
          else:
            copy_function(srcname, dstname)
      elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
        copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks, ignore, copy_function)
      else:
        # Will raise a SpecialFileError for unsupported file types
        copy_function(srcname, dstname)
    # catch the Error from the recursive copytree so that we can
    # continue with other files
    except Error as err:
      errors.extend(err.args[0])
    except OSError as why:
      errors.append((srcname, dstname, str(why)))
  try:
    copystat(src, dst)
  except OSError as why:
    # Copying file access times may fail on Windows
    if getattr(why, 'winerror', None) is None:
      errors.append((src, dst, str(why)))
  if errors:
    raise Error(errors)
  return dst
# version vulnerable to race conditions

[root@slyoyo python_test]# tree copytree_test/
copytree_test/
└── test
  ├── test1
  ├── test2
  └── hahaha
[root@slyoyo test]# ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python 0 May 14 19:36 hahaha
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python 0 May 14 19:36 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root  0 May 14 19:36 test2
>>> shutil.copytree('copytree_test','copytree_copy')
'copytree_copy'
[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_copy
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_test
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python  79 May 14 05:17 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root   0 May 14 19:10 test2
[root@slyoyo python_test]# tree copytree_copy/
copytree_copy/
└── test
  ├── hahaha
  ├── test1
  └── test2

def rmtree(path, ignore_errors=False, onerror=None):

  if ignore_errors:
    def onerror(*args):
      pass
  elif onerror is None:
    def onerror(*args):
      raise
  if _use_fd_functions:
    # While the unsafe rmtree works fine on bytes, the fd based does not.
    if isinstance(path, bytes):
      path = os.fsdecode(path)
    # Note: To guard against symlink races, we use the standard
    # lstat()/open()/fstat() trick.
    try:
      orig_st = os.lstat(path)
    except Exception:
      onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
      return
    try:
      fd = os.open(path, os.O_RDONLY)
    except Exception:
      onerror(os.lstat, path, sys.exc_info())
      return
    try:
      if os.path.samestat(orig_st, os.fstat(fd)):
        _rmtree_safe_fd(fd, path, onerror)
        try:
          os.rmdir(path)
        except OSError:
          onerror(os.rmdir, path, sys.exc_info())
      else:
        try:
          # symlinks to directories are forbidden, see bug #1669
          raise OSError("Cannot call rmtree on a symbolic link")
        except OSError:
          onerror(os.path.islink, path, sys.exc_info())
    finally:
      os.close(fd)
  else:
    return _rmtree_unsafe(path, onerror)

def move(src, dst):

  real_dst = dst
  if os.path.isdir(dst):
    if _samefile(src, dst):
      # We might be on a case insensitive filesystem,
      # perform the rename anyway.
      os.rename(src, dst)
      return
    real_dst = os.path.join(dst, _basename(src))
    if os.path.exists(real_dst):
      raise Error("Destination path '%s' already exists" % real_dst)
  try:
    os.rename(src, real_dst)
  except OSError:
    if os.path.islink(src):
      linkto = os.readlink(src)
      os.symlink(linkto, real_dst)
      os.unlink(src)
    elif os.path.isdir(src):
      if _destinsrc(src, dst):
        raise Error("Cannot move a directory '%s' into itself '%s'." % (src, dst))
      copytree(src, real_dst, symlinks=True)
      rmtree(src)
    else:
      copy2(src, real_dst)
      os.unlink(src)
  return real_dst

def make_archive(base_name, format, root_dir=None, base_dir=None, verbose=0,
         dry_run=0, owner=None, group=None, logger=None):

  save_cwd = os.getcwd()
  if root_dir is not None:
    if logger is not None:
      logger.debug("changing into '%s'", root_dir)
    base_name = os.path.abspath(base_name)
    if not dry_run:
      os.chdir(root_dir)
  if base_dir is None:
    base_dir = os.curdir
  kwargs = {'dry_run': dry_run, 'logger': logger}
  try:
    format_info = _ARCHIVE_FORMATS[format]
  except KeyError:
    raise ValueError("unknown archive format '%s'" % format)
  func = format_info[0]
  for arg, val in format_info[1]:
    kwargs[arg] = val
  if format != 'zip':
    kwargs['owner'] = owner
    kwargs['group'] = group
  try:
    filename = func(base_name, base_dir, **kwargs)
  finally:
    if root_dir is not None:
      if logger is not None:
        logger.debug("changing back to '%s'", save_cwd)
      os.chdir(save_cwd)
  return filename

>>> shutil.make_archive('tarball','gztar',root_dir='copytree_test')
[root@slyoyo python_test]# ls -l
total 12
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_copy
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root  root  4096 May 14 19:36 copytree_test
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root   0 May 14 21:12 tarball.tar.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 python python  79 May 14 05:17 test1
-rw-r--r--. 1 root  root   0 May 14 19:10 test2