您好！在本教程中，我们将在 laravel 中构建一个完整的 rest api 来管理任务。我将指导您完成从设置项目到创建自动化测试的基本步骤。
第 1 步：项目设置
创建一个新的 laravel 项目：
composer create-project laravel/laravel task-api cd task-api code .
配置数据库：
在 .env 文件中，设置数据库配置：
db_database=task_api db_username=your_username db_password=your_password
生成任务表：
运行命令为任务表创建新的迁移：
php artisan make:migration create_tasks_table --create=tasks
在迁移文件（database/migrations/xxxx_xx_xx_create_tasks_table.php）中，定义表结构：
<?php
use illuminate\database\migrations\migration;
use illuminate\database\schema\blueprint;
use illuminate\support\facades\schema;
return new class extends migration
{
public function up(): void
{
schema::create('tasks', function (blueprint $table) {
$table->id();
$table->string('title');
$table->text('description')->nullable();
$table->boolean('completed')->default(false);
$table->timestamps();
});
}
public function down(): void
{
schema::dropifexists('tasks');
}
};
运行迁移以创建表：
php artisan migrate
第 2 步：创建模型和控制器
为任务创建模型和控制器：
php artisan make:model task php artisan make:controller taskcontroller --api
定义任务模型（app/models/task.php）：
<?php
namespace app\models;
use illuminate\database\eloquent\factories\hasfactory;
use illuminate\database\eloquent\model;
class task extends model
{
use hasfactory;
protected $fillable = ['title', 'description', 'completed'];
}
第 3 步：定义 api 路由
在routes/api.php文件中，添加taskcontroller的路由：
<?php
use app\http\controllers\taskcontroller;
use illuminate\support\facades\route;
route::apiresource('tasks', taskcontroller::class);
第四步：在taskcontroller中实现crud
在taskcontroller中，我们将实现基本的crud方法。
<?php
namespace app\http\controllers;
use app\models\task;
use illuminate\http\request;
class taskcontroller extends controller
{
public function index()
{
$tasks = task::all();
return response()->json($tasks, 200);
}
public function store(request $request)
{
$request->validate([
'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
'description' => 'nullable|string'
]);
$task = task::create($request->all());
return response()->json($task, 201);
}
public function show(task $task)
{
return response()->json($task, 200);
}
public function update(request $request, task $task)
{
$request->validate([
'title' => 'required|string|max:255',
'description' => 'nullable|string',
'completed' => 'boolean'
]);
$task->update($request->all());
return response()->json($task, 201);
}
public function destroy(task $task)
{
$task->delete();
return response()->json(null, 204);
}
}
步骤 5：测试端点（vs code）
现在我们将使用名为 rest client 的 vs code 扩展手动测试每个端点 (https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemname=humao.rest-client)。如果您愿意，您还可以使用失眠或邮递员！
安装扩展程序后，在项目文件夹中创建一个包含以下内容的 .http 文件：
### create new task
post http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
{
"title": "study laravel"
}
### show tasks
get http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
### show task
get http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
### update task
put http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
{
"title": "study laravel and docker",
"description": "we are studying!",
"completed": false
}
### delete task
delete http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/tasks/1 http/1.1
content-type: application/json
accept: application/json
此文件可让您使用 rest 客户端 扩展直接从 vs code 发送请求，从而轻松测试 api 中的每个路由。
第 6 步：测试 api
接下来，让我们创建测试以确保每条路线按预期工作。
首先，为任务模型创建一个工厂：
php artisan make:factory taskfactory
<?php
namespace database\factories;
use illuminate\database\eloquent\factories\factory;
class taskfactory extends factory
{
public function definition(): array
{
return [
'title' => fake()->sentence(),
'description' => fake()->paragraph(),
'completed' => false,
];
}
}
phpunit 配置：
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<phpunit xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/xmlschema-instance"
xsi:nonamespaceschemalocation="vendor/phpunit/phpunit/phpunit.xsd"
bootstrap="vendor/autoload.php"
colors="true"
>
<testsuites>
<testsuite name="unit">
<directory>tests/unit</directory>
</testsuite>
<testsuite name="feature">
<directory>tests/feature</directory>
</testsuite>
</testsuites>
<source>
<include>
<directory>app</directory>
</include>
</source>
<php>
<env name="app_env" value="testing" />
<env name="bcrypt_rounds" value="4" />
<env name="cache_driver" value="array" />
<env name="db_connection" value="sqlite" />
<env name="db_database" value=":memory:" />
<env name="mail_mailer" value="array" />
<env name="pulse_enabled" value="false" />
<env name="queue_connection" value="sync" />
<env name="session_driver" value="array" />
<env name="telescope_enabled" value="false" />
</php>
</phpunit>
创建集成测试：
php artisan make:test taskapitest
在tests/feature/taskapitest.php文件中，实现测试：
<?php
namespace tests\feature;
use app\models\task;
use illuminate\foundation\testing\refreshdatabase;
use tests\testcase;
class taskapitest extends testcase
{
use refreshdatabase;
public function test_can_create_task(): void
{
$response = $this->postjson('/api/tasks', [
'title' => 'new task',
'description' => 'task description',
'completed' => false,
]);
$response->assertstatus(201);
$response->assertjson([
'title' => 'new task',
'description' => 'task description',
'completed' => false,
]);
}
public function test_can_list_tasks()
{
task::factory()->count(3)->create();
$response = $this->getjson('/api/tasks');
$response->assertstatus(200);
$response->assertjsoncount(3);
}
public function test_can_show_task()
{
$task = task::factory()->create();
$response = $this->getjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");
$response->assertstatus(200);
$response->assertjson([
'title' => $task->title,
'description' => $task->description,
'completed' => false,
]);
}
public function test_can_update_task()
{
$task = task::factory()->create();
$response = $this->putjson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}", [
'title' => 'update task',
'description' => 'update description',
'completed' => true,
]);
$response->assertstatus(201);
$response->assertjson([
'title' => 'update task',
'description' => 'update description',
'completed' => true,
]);
}
public function test_can_delete_task()
{
$task = task::factory()->create();
$response = $this->deletejson("/api/tasks/{$task->id}");
$response->assertstatus(204);
$this->assertdatabasemissing('tasks', ['id' => $task->id]);
}
}
运行测试：
php artisan test
*谢谢！ *
