
什么是 SQL 子查询?
子查询,也称为内部查询或嵌套查询,是指嵌入在另一个 SQL 查询中的查询。它用括号括起来,先于外部查询执行,并为外部查询提供结果用于进一步处理。
=、<> 等比较运算符结合使用。示例: 查找薪资最高的员工姓名:
<code class="sql">SELECT name FROM employees WHERE salary = (SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees);</code>
IN、ANY、ALL 等运算符结合使用。示例: 查找在员工数超过 5 人的部门工作的员工:
<code class="sql">SELECT name FROM employees WHERE departmentid IN (SELECT departmentid FROM departments WHERE members > 5);</code>
示例: 查找薪资高于所在部门平均薪资的员工:
<code class="sql">SELECT name, salary FROM employees e WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees WHERE departmentid = e.departmentid);</code>
示例: 查找平均薪资超过 50,000 美元的部门:
<code class="sql">SELECT departmentname
FROM departments
WHERE departmentid IN (
SELECT departmentid
FROM employees
WHERE salary > (SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employees)
);</code><code class="sql">SELECT * FROM products WHERE price > (SELECT AVG(price) FROM products);</code>
<code class="sql">SELECT name FROM employees WHERE departmentid = (SELECT id FROM departments WHERE name = 'HR');</code>
<code class="sql">SELECT departmentid, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employees WHERE departmentid = d.id) AS employeecount FROM departments d;</code>
<code class="sql">UPDATE Employees SET Bonus = 500 WHERE Salary > (SELECT AVG(Salary) FROM Employees);</code>
SELECT、WHERE、FROM 和 HAVING 子句。子查询是 SQL 中强大的工具,用于将复杂逻辑分解成可管理的单元,实现动态数据分析和数据操作。然而,需要权衡子查询与连接等替代方案,以获得最佳查询性能。
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